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TEM Extended-Spectrum and Inhibitor Resistant ß-Lactamases

Amino acid at position
ß-Lactamase GenBank Accession Number Alternate Name Phenotype 6 11 13 16 17 21 28 30 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 49 51 64 68 69 80 84 92 99 100 102 104 105 114 115 116 120 124 127 130 135 136 137 138 145 146 153 155 156 157 158 163 164 165 166 167 168 170 173 175 176 178 179 182 184 185 186 188 189 192 196 204 205 206 212 213 218 220 221 224 230 237 238 240 244 249 262 263 265 267 268 271 275 276 279 280 283 284 289 pI Reference
TEM-1 J01749 RTEM-1 2b Q A I F A L E L K D D Q L G A R V L L E M M V V G Q N L E Y T D G R S I S A N L L P K H M G D H D R W E P E N I N D R D M A A M T T K G R Q Q E A G L L A F A G E R A V I T G S T R N I A G A H 5.4 1
TEM-2 X54606 2b K 5.6 3
TEM-3 X64523 CTX-1 TEM-14 2be K K S 6.3 5
TEM-4 2be F K S M 5.9 8
TEM-5 CAZ-1 2be S T K 5.55 9
TEM-6 X57972 2be K H 5.9 11
TEM-7 2be K S 5.4 13
TEM-8 X65252 CAZ-2 2be K K S S 5.9 15
TEM-9 RHH-1 2be F K S M 5.5 11
TEM-10 AF093512 MGH-1 TEM-E3 TEM-23 2be S K 5.6 18
TEM-11 AY874537 CAZ-lo 2be K H 5.6 12
TEM-12 M88143 YOU-2 CAZ-3 TEM-E2 2be S 5.3 21
TEM-13 2b K M 5.6 12
TEM-15 AM849805 2be K S 6 12
TEM-16 X65254 CAZ-7 2be K K H 6.3 13
TEM-17 Y14574 2be K 5.5 56
TEM-18 2be K K 6.3 12
TEM-19 2be S 5.4 12
TEM-20 Y17581 2be T S 5.4 26
TEM-21 Y17582 2be K K R S 6.4 26
TEM-22 Y17583 2be K K G S 6.3 28
TEM-24 X65253 CAZ-6 2be K K S T K 6.5 15
TEM-25 CTX-2 2be F S M 5.3 23
TEM-26 YOU-1 2be K S 5.6 31
TEM-27 2be H K M 5.9 32
TEM-28 U37195 2be H K 6.1 33
TEM-29 Y17584 2be H 5.42 27
TEM-30 AJ437107 IRT-2 TRI-2 E-GUER 2br S 5.2 34
TEM-31 IRT-1 TRI-1 E-SAL 2br C 5.2 34
TEM-32 IRT-3 2br I T 5.4 57
TEM-33 GU371926 IRT-5 2br L 5.4 21
TEM-34 KC292503 IRT-6 2br V 5.4 37
TEM-35 IRT-4 2br L D 5.2 37
TEM-36 IRT-7 2br V D 5.2 37
TEM-37 IRT-8 2br I D 5.2 36
TEM-38 IRT-9 2br V L 5.2 36
TEM-39 IRT-10 2br L R D 5.4 36
TEM-40 IRT-167 IRT-11 2br I 5.4 38
TEM-41(withdrawn) IRT-12 T 5.2 38
TEM-42 X98047 2be K V S K M 5.8 39
TEM-43 U95363 2be K H T 6.1 40
TEM-44 IRT<sub>2</sub>-2 IT-13 2br K S 5.4 58
TEM-45 X95401 IRT-14 2br L Q 5.2 41
TEM-46 CAZ-9 2be K K S K 6.5 42
TEM-47 Y10279 2be S K M 6 43
TEM-48 Y10280 2be F S K M 6 43
TEM-49 Y10281 2be F S K M G 6 43
TEM-50 CMT-1 2ber L K S D 5.6 44
TEM-51 IRT-15 2br H 5.2 45
TEM-52 Y13612 2be K T S 6 46
TEM-53 AF104441 2be F S 21
TEM-54 AF104442 2br L 21
TEM-55 DQ286729 2b E 5.2 48
TEM-56 2be K K R 6.4 49
TEM-57 FJ405211 2b D 5.2 50
TEM-58 2br S I 5.2 52
TEM-59 AF062386 IRT-17 2br K G 5.6 53
TEM-60 AF047171 2be K P K S 6.4 54
TEM-61 CAZ-hi 2be K H K 6.5 20
TEM-62 Reserved
TEM-63 AF332513 TEM-64 2be F K S T 5.6 59
TEM-65 IRT-16 2br K C 5.4 50
TEM-66 2be K D K S 6 50
TEM-67 AF091113 2br I K C 5.2 62
TEM-68 AJ239002 CMT-2 2ber S K M L 5.7 65
TEM-69 Withdrawn 66
TEM-70 AF188199 ? Q 5.2 67
TEM-71 AF203816 2be S K 6 68
TEM-72 AF157553 2be K T S K 5.9 69
TEM-73 IRT-18 2br F C M 5.2 50
TEM-74 IRT-19 2br F S M 5.2 50
TEM-75 AY130284 (partial)) 2be F H M 72
TEM-76 AF190694 IRT-20 2br G 73
TEM-77 AF190695 IRT-21 2br L S 73
TEM-78 AF190693 IRT-22 2br V R D 73
TEM-79 AF190692 2br G 73
TEM-80 AF347054 IRT-24 2br L V D 5.2 77
TEM-81 AF427127 2br L V 73
TEM-82 AF427128 2br V Q 73
TEM-83 AF427129 2br L C Q 73
TEM-84 AF427130 2br D 73
TEM-85 AJ277414 2be F S K M 5.5 79
TEM-86 AJ277415 2be F S T K M 5.5 79
TEM-87 AF250872 2be K K H C T 81
TEM-88 AY027590 2be K T D S 5.6 82
TEM-89 AY039040 CMT-3 2ber K K G S 6.28 83
TEM-90 AF351241 TLE-1 2b G 5.55 84
TEM-91 AB049569 2be C T K 85
TEM-92 AF143804 2be K K T S 6 86
TEM-93 AJ318093 2be T S K 6 79
TEM-94 AJ318094 2be F K T S M 6 79
TEM-95 AJ308558 2b A 89
TEM-96 AY092401 ? G 90
TEM-97 AF397067 TEM-34 V 91
TEM-98 AF397068 TEM-1 92
TEM-99 AF397066 TEM-30 S 93
TEM-100 Not yet released 94
TEM-101 AF495873 2be K S K V 95
TEM-102 2be F S M 96
TEM-103 IRT-28 2br L 5.2 97
TEM-104 AF516719 ? V 98
TEM-105 AF516720 ? N 99
TEM-106 AY101578 2be K T 6 100
TEM-107 AY101764 2be K H T S 6 101
TEM-108 AF506748 ? E S S 102
TEM-109 AY628175 CMT-5 2ber L K H 6 103
TEM-110 AY072920 ?2b F M 5.4 104
TEM-111 AF468003 ? K D M 105
TEM-112 AY589493 2be R S 5.4 106
TEM-113 AY589494 2be K K T S 6.3 106
TEM-114 AY589495 2be K S T K 5.9 106
TEM-115 AF535127 2be F H 107
TEM-116 U36911 2b I V 108
TEM-117 AY130282 ? F 109
TEM-118 AY130285 TEM-HM 2be H M 110
TEM-119 Not yet released 111
TEM-120 AY243512 2be F S 107
TEM-121 AY271267 CMT-4 2ber K K S T K S 113
TEM-122 AY307100 2br Q 5.25 114
TEM-123 AY327539 2be K K S 115
TEM-124 AY327540 2be K K T 116
TEM-125 AY628176 CMT-type 2ber L L S R D 5.2 117
TEM-126 AY628199 2be E T 5.4 106
TEM-127 AY368236 2b N 119
TEM-128 AY368237 2b E 119
TEM-129 AJ746225 2be K K S 121
TEM-130 AJ866988 2be P K K S T 122
TEM-131 AY436361 2be F K S T T 5.6 123
TEM-132 AY491682 2be H V K 124
TEM-133 AY528425 2be F K S 126
TEM-134 AY574271 2be K K H S 129
TEM-135 AJ634602 2b T 131
TEM-136 AY826417 2be S T K G 132
TEM-137 AM286274 2be S R 134
TEM-138 AY853593 2be K I S 133
TEM-139 DQ072853 2be K M K S 6.3 135
TEM-140 Not yet released 136
TEM-141 AY956335 2b E 5.4 137
TEM-142 DQ388882 ? K N M 138
TEM-143 DQ075245 2be C 139
TEM-144 AM049399 2be C K 5.6 140
TEM-145 DQ105528 2br M H 141
TEM-146 DQ105529 ? P H 142
TEM-147 DQ279850 2be H V 143
TEM-148 AM087454 ? K 144
TEM-149 DQ369751 2be K S T V 145
TEM-150 AM183304 ? D 146
TEM-151 DQ834729 CMT-type 2ber V H D G 5.3 147
TEM-152 DQ834728 CMT-type 2ber V H K D 5.7 147
TEM-153 KC149518 2be K T V 148a
TEM-154 FJ807656 CMT-type 2ber L S 5.3 148
TEM-155 DQ679961 2be K S K 149
TEM-156 AM941159 ? I 150
TEM-157 DQ909059 2be I S V 151
TEM-158 EF534736 CMT-9 2ber L S D 152
TEM-159 EF136376 2br F I T 5.4 153
TEM-160 EF136377 2br K V 5.6 153
TEM-161 ? K K H T 155
TEM-162 EF468463 ? K N K I S V V 156
TEM-163 EU815939 ?2br Q L 157
TEM-164 EU274580 2be V T 158
TEM-165 ? S T 159
TEM-166 FJ197316 ? G 160
TEM-167 FJ360884 2be F K V S M 161
TEM-168 FJ919776 ?2be M 5.4 162
TEM-169 FJ873740 2be L G 163
TEM-170 ? C 164
TEM-171 GQ149347 ? I 164
TEM-172 ? V S I 164
TEM-173 ? V S K 164
TEM-174 ? V 164
TEM-175 Not yet released T 165
TEM-176 GU550123 ? V 166
TEM-177 FN652295 2be K K K S T T K 167
TEM-178 X97254 2ber S T S S Q A del R 5.5 168
TEM-179 Not yet released 169
TEM-180 Not yet released 169
TEM-181 V 170
TEM-182 HQ317449 2br I L L 171
TEM-183 HQ529916 2b L 172
TEM-184 FR848831 2be K K V S T 173
TEM-185 JF795538 2br L R 174
TEM-186 JN227084 2b N 175
TEM-187 HM246246 2be F H V M 176
TEM-188 JN211012 2be F S K 177
TEM-189 JN254627 ? L K 178
TEM-190 JN416112 L G D 179
TEM-191 JF949916 ? K 180
TEM-192 JF949915 ? I 180
TEM-193 JN935135 H F C G K T H V N I 181
TEM-194 JN935136 R I R H P V T V P R I 181
TEM-195 JN935137 R C H V 181
TEM-196 Not yet released 182
TEM-197 HQ877606 2be K V S 183
TEM-198 AB700703 ? I 184
TEM-199 JX050178 K K I S 186
TEM-200 Not yet released 2be 185
TEM-201 JX310327 ? V G 187
TEM-202 Not yet released 2be 188
TEM-203 Not yet released K K 189
TEM-204 Not yet released 2be K K H T S 190
TEM-205 KC900516 I K S T V 191
TEM-206 KC783461 2b T 192
TEM-207 KC818234 2be G 193
TEM-208 KC865667 F 194
TEM-209 KF240808 A 195
TEM-210 Not yet released M L 196
TEM-211 KF513179 2be K K T T S L 197
TEM-212
TEM-213 KF663615 F 198
TEM-214 KP050491 F 197
TEM-215 KP050492 R 197
TEM-216 KF944358 S P 199
TEM-217 HG934763 M 200
TEM-218 Not yet released D 201
TEM-219 KM114268 F 202
TEM-220 KM998962 T T 203
TEM-221 Not yet released L T 204
TEM-222 Not yet released S 205
TEM-223 Not yet released L S T 206
Our thanks to Thomas Jové who contributed the GenBank accession numbers for TEM-1 to TEM-178.

TEM References

1. Datta, N., and P. Kontomichalou. 1965. Penicillinase synthesis controlled by infectious R factors in Enterobacteriaceae. Nature (London) 208:239-241.
2. Sutcliffe, J.G. 1978. Nucleotide sequence of the ampicillin resistance gene of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:3737-3741.
3. Matthew, M., and R.W. Hedges. 1976. Analytical isoelectric focusing of R factor determined ß-lactamases: correlation with plasmid compatibility. J. Bacteriol. 125:713-718.
4. Ambler, R.P., and G.K. Scott. 1978. Partial amino acid sequence of penicillinase coded by Escherichia coli plasmid R6K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:3732-3736.
5. Sirot, D., J. Sirot, R. Labia, A. Morand, P. Courvalin, A. Darfeuille-Michaud, R. Perroux, and R. Cluzel. 1987. Transferable resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae: identification of CTX-1, a novel ß-lactamase. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 20:323-334.
6. Sougakoff, W., S. Goussard, and P. Courvalin. 1988. The TEM-3 ß-lactamase, which hydrolyzes broad-spectrum cephalosporins, is derived from the TEM-2 penicillinase by two amino acid substitutions. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56:343-348.
7. Courvalin, P. 1997. Personal communication. TEM-14 has been entirely sequenced and is indistinguishable from TEM-3.
8. Paul, G.C., G. Gerbaud, A. Bure, A.M. Philippon, B. Pangon, and P. Courvalin. l989. TEM-4, a new plasmid-mediated ß-lactamase that hydrolyzes broad-spectrum cephalosporins in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:1958-1963.
9. Sougakoff, W., A. Petit, S. Goussard, D. Sirot, A. Bure, and P. Courvalin. 1989. Characterization of the plasmid genes blaT-4 and blaT-5 which encode the broad-spectrum ß-lactamases TEM-4 and TEM-5 in Enterobacteriaceae. Gene 78:339-348.
10. Petit, A., D.L. Sirot, C.M. Chanal, J.L. Sirot, R. Labia, G. Gerbaud, and R.A. Cluzel. 1988. Novel plasmid-mediated ß-lactamase in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae more resistant to ceftazidime than to other broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:626-630.
11. Bauernfeind, A., and G. Hörl. 1987. Novel R-factor borne ß-lactamase of Escherichia coli confering resistance to cephalosporins. Infection 15:257-259.
12. Mabilat, C., and P. Courvalin. 1990. Development of "oligotyping" for characterization and molecular epidemiology of TEM ß-lactamases in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34:2210-2216.
13. Gutmann, L., M.D. Kitzis, D. Billot-Klein, F. Goldstein, G. Tran Van Nhieu, T. Lu, J. Carlet, E. Collatz, and R. Williamson. 1988. Plasmid-mediated ß-lactamase (TEM-7) involved in resistance to ceftazidime and aztreonam. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:860-866.
14. Collatz, E., G. Tran Van Nhieu, D. Billot-Klein, R. Williamson, and L. Gutmann. 1989. Substitution of serine for arginine in position 162 of TEM-type ß-lactamases extends the substrate profile of mutant enzymes, TEM-7 and TEM-101, to ceftazidime and aztreonam. Gene 78:349-354.
15. Chanal, C.M., D.L. Sirot, A. Petit, R. Labia, A. Morand, J.L. Sirot, and R.A. Cluzel. 1989. Multiplicity of TEM-derived ß-lactamases from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated at the same hospital and relationships between the responsible plasmids. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:1915-1920.
16. Chanal, C., M-C. Poupart, D. Sirot, R. Labia, J. Sirot, and R. Cluzel. 1992. Nucleotide sequences of CAZ-2, CAZ-6, and CAZ-7 ß-lactamase genes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:1817-1820.
17. Spencer, R.C., P.F. Wheat, T.G. Winstanley, D.M. Cox, and S.J. Plested. 1987. Novel ß-lactamase in a clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae conferring unusual resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 20:919-921.
18. Quinn, J.P., D. Miyashiro, D. Sahm, R. Flamm, and K. Bush. 1989. Novel plasmid-mediated ß-lactamase (TEM-10) conferring selective resistance to ceftazidime and aztreonam in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:1451-1456.
19. Rice L.B., S.H. Marshall, L.L. Carias, L. Sutton L, and G.A. Jacoby. 1993. Sequences of MGH-1, YOU-1, YOU-2 extended spectrum ß-lactamase genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 37:2760-2761.
20. Vuye, A., G. Verschraegen, and G. Claeys. 1989. Plasmid-mediated ß-lactamases in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli resistant to ceftazidime. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33:757-761.
21. Goussard, S. and P. Courvalin. 1999. Updated sequence information for TEM ß-lactamase genes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:367-370.
22. Webber, D.A., C.C. Sanders, J.S. Bakken, and J.P. Quinn. 1990. A novel chromosomal TEM derivative and alterations in outer membrane proteins together mediate selective ceftazidime resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Infect. Dis. 162:460-465.
23. Chanal, C., D. Sirot, H. Malaure, M.-C. Poupart, and J. Sirot. 1994. Sequences of CAZ-3 and CTX-2 extended-spectrum ß-lactamase genes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:2452-2453.
24. Courvalin, P. 1997. Personal communication: TEM-17 was originally defined by oligotyping and when its amino acid sequences was determined, it turned out to be identical to TEM-15. However, an enzyme with the sequence defined as TEM-17 has subsequently been discovered. See reference 56.
25. Courvalin P. 1997. Personal communication: The gene for the original TEM-19 has been only partially sequenced but shows a G at 238 rather than the S proposed by oligotyping. The sequence of TEM-19 has been retained, however, since an ESBL with G238S has subsequently been discovered (Jacoby, G.A., P. Han, M. Alvarez, F. Tenover, Survey of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) production in US clinical isolates. Program Abstr. 35th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. abstr. C40.)
26. Ben Redjeb, S., G. Fournier, C. Mabilat, A. Ben Hassen, and A. Philippon. 1990. Two novel transferable extended-spectrum ß-lactamases from Klebsiella pneumoniae in Tunisia. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 67:33-38.
27. Arlet, G., G. Brami, D. Décrè, A. Flippo, O. Gaillot, P.H. Lagrange, and A. Philippon. 1995. Molecular characterisation by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of TEM ß-lactamases. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 134:203-208.
28. Arlet, G., M. Rouveau, G. Fournier, P.H. Lagrange, and A. Philippon. 1993. Novel, plasmid-encoded, TEM-derived extended-spectrum ß-lactamase in Klebsiella pneumoniae conferring higher resistance to azreonam than to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:2020-2023.
29. Arlet, G., S. Goussard, P. Courvalin, and A. Philippon. 1999. Sequences of the genes for the TEM-20, TEM-21, TEM-22, and TEM-29 extended-spectrum ß-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:969-971.
30. Poupart, M.-C., C. Chanal, D. Sirot, R. Labia, and J. Sirot. 1991. Identification of CTX-2, a novel cefotaximase from a Salmonella mbandaka isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1498-1500.
31. Naumovski, L., J.P. Quinn, D. Miyashiro, M. Patel, K. Bush, S.B. Singer, D. Graves, T. Palzkill, and A.M. Arvin. 1992. Outbreak of ceftazidime resistance due to a novel extended-spectrum ß-lactamase in isolates from cancer patients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:1991-1996.
32. Morosini, M.I., R. Canton, J. Martinez-Beltran, J.C. Negri, J.C. Perez-Diaz, F. Baquero, and J. Blazquez. 1995. New extended-spectrum TEM-type ß-lactamase from Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated in a nosocomial outbreak. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:458-461.
33. Bradford, P.A., N.V. Jacobus, N. Bhachech, and K. Bush. 1996. TEM-28 from an Escherichia coli clinical isolate is a member of the His-164 family of TEM-1 extended-spectrum ß-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:260-262.
34. Vedel, G., A. Belaaouaj, L. Gilly, R. Labia, A. Philippon, P. Névot, and G. Paul. 1992. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli producing TRI ß-lactamases: novel TEM-enzymes conferring resistance to ß-lactamase inhibitors. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 30:449-462.
35. Belaaouaj, A., C. Lapoumeroulie, M.M. Canica, G. Vedel, P. Névot, R. Krishnamoorthy, and G. Paul. 1994. Nucleotide sequences of the genes coding for the TEM-like ß-lactamases IRT-1 and IRT-2 (formerly called TRI-1 and TRI-2). FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 120:75-80.
36. Henquell, C., C. Chanal, D. Sirot, R. Labia, and J. Sirot. 1995. Molecular characterization of nine different types of mutants among 107 inhibitor-resistant TEM ß-lactamases from clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:427-430.
37. Zhou, X.Y., Bordon F., D. Sirot, M.-D. Kitzis, and L. Gutmann. 1994. Emergence of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli producing TEM-1 derivatives or an OXA-1 ß-lactamase conferring resistance to ß-lactamase inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1085-1089.
38. Stapleton, P., P.-J. Wu, A. King, K. Shannon, G. French, and I. Phillips. 1995. Incidence and mechanisms of resistance to the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:2478-2483.
39. Mugnier, P., P. Dubrous, I. Casin, G. Arlet, and E. Collatz. 1996. A TEM-derived extended-spectrum ß-lactamase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40: 2488-93.
40. Yang, Y., N. Bhachech, P.A. Bradford, B.D. Jett, D.F. Sahm, and K. Bush. 1998. Ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Eshcerichia coli isolates producing TEM-10 and TEM-43 ß-lactamases from St. Louis, Missouri. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:1671-1676.
41. Caniça, M.M., M. Barthélémy, L. Gilly, R. Labia, R. Krishnamoorthy, G. Paul. 1997. Properties of IRT-14 (TEM-45), a newly characterized mutant of TEM-type ß-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:374-378
42. Chanal-Claris, C., D. Sirot, L. Bret, P. Chatron, R. Labia, and J. Sirot. 1997. Novel extended-spectrum TEM-type ß-lactamase from an Escherichia coli isolate resistant to ceftazidime and susceptible to cephalothin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:715-716.
43. Gniadkowski, M., I. Schneider, R. Jungwirth,l W. Hryniewicz, and A. Bauernfeind. 1998. Ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from three Polish hospitals: identification of three novel TEM- and SHV-5 type extended-spectrum ß-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 514-520.
44. Sirot, D., C. Recule, E.B. Chaibi, L. Bret, J. Croize, C. Chanal-Claris, R. Labia, and J. Sirot. 1997. A complex mutant of TEM-1 ß-lactamase with mutations encountered in both IRT-4 and extended-spectrum TEM-15, produced by an Escherichia coli clinical isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1322-1325.
45. L. Bret, E.B. Chaibi, C. Chanal-Claris, D. Sirot, R. Labia, and J. Sirot. 1997, Inhibitor-resistant TEM (IRT) ß-lactamases with different substitutions at position 244. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:2547-2549.
46. C. Poyart, R. Mugnier, G. Quesnes, R. Berche, and P. Trieu-Cuot. 1998. A novel extended-spectrum TEM-type ß-lactamases (TEM-52) associated with decreased susceptibility to moxalactam in Klebsiella pneumonia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:108-113.
48. Labia, R., A. Morand, E.B. Chaibi, J. Peduzzi, M. Barthelemy, X. Cavallo, F. Grobost, and D. Sirot. 1997. A clavulanate-susceptible TEM-derived ß-lactamase of isoelectric point 5.2 with altered kinetic constants. Program Abstr. 37th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. abstr. C-189.
49. Neuwirth, C., R. Labia, E. Siebor, A. Pechinot, S. Madec, E.B. Chaibi, and A. Kazmierczak. 2000. Characterization of TEM-56, a novel ß-lactamase produced by a Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:453-455.
50. Bonnet, R., C. DeChamps, D. Sirot, C. Chanal, R. Labia, and J. Sirot. 1999. Diversity of TEM mutants in Proteus mirabilis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:2671-2677.
51. Sirot, D., and R. Labia. 1997. Personal communication.
52. Speldooren, V., B. Heym, R. Labia, M.-H. Nicolas-Chanoine. 1998. Discriminatory detection of inhibitor-resistant ß-lactamases in Escherichia coli by single-strand conformation polymorphism-PCR. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:879-884
53. Bermudes, H., F. Jude, E.B. Chaibi, C. Arpin, C. Bebear, R. Labia, C. Quentin. 1999. Molecular characterization of TEM-59 (IRT-17), a novel inhibitor-resistant TEM-derived ß-lactamase in a clinical isolate of Klebsiella oxytoca. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:1657-1661.
54. Franceschini, N., M. Perilli, B. Segatore, D. Setacci, G. Amicosante, A. Mazzariol, G. Cornaglia. 1998. Ceftazidime and aztreonam resistance in Providencia stuartii: characterizaton of a natural TEM-derived extended spectrum ß-lactamase, TEM-60. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:1459-1462.
55. Vuye, A, G. Verschraegen, and G. Claeys. 1998. Personal communication.
56. Rosenau, A., B. Cattier, N. Gousset, P. Harriau, A. Philippon, and R. Quentin. 2000. Capnocytophaga ochracea: characterization of a plasmid-encoded extended spectrum TEM-17 ß-lactamase in the phylum Flavobacter-Bactreroides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:760-762.
57. Blazquez, J., M-R. Baquero, R. Canton, I. Alos, F. Baquero. 1993. Characterization of a new TEM-type ß-lactamase resistant to clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:2059-2063.
58. Bret, L, C. Chanal, D. Sirot, R. Labia, and J. Sirot. 1996. Characterization of an inhibitor-resistant enzyme IRT-2 derived from TEM-2 ß-lactamase produced by Proteus mirabilis strains. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 38:183-191.
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62. Naas, T., M. Zerbib, D. Girlich, and P. Nordmann. 2003. Integration of a transposon Tn1-encoded inhibitor-resistant ß-lactamase gene, blaTEM-67 from Proteus mirabilis, into the Escherichia coli chromosome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:19-26.
63. Courvalin, P. 1997. Personal communication. TEM-18 with Q39K and E104K was proposed by oligotyping, but subsequent fuller sequencing indicated identity to TEM-3. However, an enzyme with the sequence propsed for TEM-18 has subsequently been discovered. See Reference 51.
64. Tessier, F., C. Arpin, A. Allery, C. Quentin, 1998. Molecular characterization of a TEM-21 ß-lactamase in a clinical isolate of Morganella moganii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:2125 - 2127.
65. Fiett, J, A. Palucha, B. Miaczynska, M. Stankiwicz, H. Przondo-Mordarska, W. Hryniewicz, and M. Gniadkowski. 2000 A novel complex mutant ß-lactamase, TEM-68, identified in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from an outbreak of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing Klebsiellae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:1499-1505.
66. Omitted.
67. Edelstein, M.V. GenBank AF188199.
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69. Perilli, M., B. Segatore, M.R. de Massis, M.L. Riccio, C. Bianchi, A. Zollo, G.M. Rossolini, and G. Amicosante. 2000. TEM-72, a new extended-spectrum ß-lactamase detected in Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii in Italy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:2537-2539.
72. Stobberingh, E.E., J. Arends, J.A.A. Hoogkamp-Korstanje, W.H.F. Goessens, M.R. Visser. A.G.M. Buiting, Y.J. Debets-Ossenkopp, R.J. van Ketel, M.L. van Ogtrop, L.J.M. Sabbe, G.P. Voorn, H.L.J. Winter, and J.H. van Zeijl. 1999. Occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in Dutch hospitals. Infection. 27:348-354.
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77. Arpin C., R. Labia, V. Dubois, P. Noury, M. Souquet, C. Quentin. 2002. TEM-80, a novel inhibitor-resistant ß-lactamase in a clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:1183-1189.
79. Baraniak, A., J. Fiett, A. Mrówka, J. Walory, W. Hryniewicz, and M. Gniadkowski. 2005. Evolution of TEM-type extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in clinical Enterobacteriaceae strains in Poland. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1872-1880.
81. Perilli, M, B. Segatore, M.R. De Massis, N. Franceschini, C. Bianchi, G.M. Rossolini, and G. Amicosante. 2002. Characterization of a new extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (TEM-87) isolated in Proteus mirabilis during an Italian survey. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 925-928, 2002.
82. Pai, H., H. J. Lee, E. H. Choi, J. Kim, and G. A. Jacoby. 2001. Evolution of TEM-related extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in Korea. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:3651-3.
83. Neuwirth, C., S. Madec, E. Siebor, A. Pechinot, J. M. Duez, M. Pruneaux, M. Fouchereau-Peron, A. Kazmierczak, and R. Labia. 2001. TEM-89 ß-lactamase produced by a Proteus mirabilis clinical isolate: New complex mutant (CMT 3) with mutations in both TEM-59 (IRT-17) and TEM-3. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:3591-4.
84. Pai, H. and G.A. Jacoby. 2001. Sequences of the NPS-1 and TLE-1 ß-lactamase genes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:2947-2948.
85. Kurokawa, H., Shibata,N., Doi,Y., Shibayama,K., Kamachi,K., Yagi,T., and Arakawa,Y. 2003.A new TEM-derived extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (TEM-91) with an R164C substitution at the omega-loop confers ceftazidime resistance Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:2981-2983.
86. de Champs, C., C. Monne, R. Bonnet, W. Sougakoff, D. Sirot, C. Chanal, and J. Sirot. 2001. New TEM variant (TEM-92) produced by Proteus mirabilis and Providencia stuartii isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:1278-80.
89. Briñas, L., M, Zarazaga, Y., Sáenz, F. Ruiz-Larrea, and C. Torres. 2002. ß-Lactamases in ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from foods, humans, and healthy animals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:3156-3163.
90. Alobwede,I.N., M'Zali,F.H., Heritage,J., Todd,N., Hancox,A.,Allen,M. and Hawkey,P.M. GenBank AY092401.
91. Shine, P., B. Crowley, S. Fanning GenBank AF397067. Revised by D. Morris, October, 2007.
92. Shine, P., B. Crowley, S. Fanning GenBank AF397068. Revised by D. Morris, October, 2007.
93. Shine, P., B. Crowley, S. Fanning GenBank AF397066. Revised by D. Morris, October, 2007.
94. Philippon, A. 2001. Personal communication.
95. Sherwood,K.J., Wiegand,I., Wagner,J. and Wiedemann,B. GenBank AF495873
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97. Alonso, R., G. Gerbaud, M. Galimand, and P. Courvalin. 2002. TEM-103/IRT-28 ß-lactamase, a new TEM variant produced by Escherichia coli BM4511. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:3627-3629.
98. Li,J.-B., Li,X. and Yu,Y.-S. GenBank AF516719
99. Li,J.-B., Li,X. and Yu,Y.-S. GenBank AF516720.
100. Yum,J.H., Yong,D., Shin,J.H., Lee,K. and Chong,Y. GenBank AY101578
101. Lee,K., Yum,J.H., Lee,H.S., Yong,D. and Chong,Y. GenBank AY101764
102. Daly,M. and S. Fanning. GenBank AF506748. Revised by D. Morris, October, 2007.
103. Robin, F., J. Delmas, C. Chanal, D. Sirot, J. Sirot, and R. Bonnet. 2005. TEM-109 (CMT-5), a natural complex mutant of TEM-1 ß-lactamase combining the amino acid substitutions of TEM-6 and TEM-33 (IRT-5). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:4443-4447.
104. Stuerenburg,E., Feucht,H. and Laufs,R. GenBank AY072920
105. Stuerenburg,E., Feucht,H. and Laufs,R. GenBank AF468003
106. De Champs, C., C. Chanal, D. Sirot, R. Baraduc, J. P. Romaszko, R. Bonnet, A. Plaidy, M. Boyer, E. Carroy, M. C. Gbadamassi, S. Laluque, O. Oules, M. C. Poupart, M. Villemain, and J. Sirot. 2004. Frequency and diversity of Class A extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in hospitals of the Auvergne, France: a 2 year prospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother 54:634-639.
107. Mulvey, M. R., E. Bryce, D. Boyd, M. Ofner-Agostini, S. Christianson, A. E. Simor, and S. Paton. 2004. Ambler class A extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in Canadian hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:1204-14.
108. C. Obert. 2002. Personal communication
109. Box,A.T.A., Paauw,A. and Leverstein-vanHall,M.A. GenBank AY130282
110. Leverstein-van Hall, M, A.C. Fluit, A. Paauw, A.T.A. Box, S. Brisse, and J. Verhoef. 2002. Evaluation of the Etest ESBL and BD Phoenix, VITEK 1, and VITEK 2 automated instruments for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in multiresistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:3703-3711.
111. C. Arpin. 2002. Personal communication.
113. Poirel, L., H. Mammeri, and P. Nordmann. 2004. TEM-121, a novel complex mutant of TEM-type ß-lactamase from Enterobacter aerogenes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:4528-4531.
114. Kaye, K. S., H. S. Gold, M. J. Schwaber, L. Venkataraman, Y. Qi, P. C. De Girolami, M. H. Samore, G. Anderson, J. K. Rasheed, and F. C. Tenover. 2004. Variety of ß-lactamases produced by amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant Escherichia coli isolated in the northeastern United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:1520-5.
115. Perilli,M. and Amicosante,G. GenBank AY327539. ESCMID abstract 1134_01_56.
116. Perilli, M. and Amicosante, G. GenBank AY327540. ESCMID abstract 1134_01_56.
117. Robin, F., J. Delmas, M. Archambaud, C. Schweitzer, C. Chanal, and R. Bonnet. 2006. CMT-type ß-lactamase TEM-125, an emerging problem for extended-spectrum ß-lactamase detection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:2403-2408.
119. Olesen,I., Hasman,H. and Aarestrup,F.M. 2004. Prevalence of ß-lactamases among ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from food animals in Denmark. Microbial Drug Resistance 10:334-340.
121. Decré, D., B. Burghoffer, V. Gautier, J. C. Petit, and G. Arlet. 2004. Outbreak of multi-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca involving strains with extended-spectrum ß-lactamases and strains with extended-spectrum activity of the chromosomal ß-lactamase. J Antimicrob Chemother 54:881-888.
122. G. Arlet, 2003. GenBank AJ866988.
123. Kruger,T., Szabo,D., Keddy,K.H., Deeley,K., Marsh,J.W., Hujer,A., Bonomo,A. and Paterson,D.L. 2004. Infections with non-typhoidal Salmonella species, producing TEM-63 or a novel TEM enzyme, TEM-131, in South Africa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:4263-4270.
124. Zarnayová, M., E. Siebor, A. Péchinot, J. M. Duez, H. Bujdáková, R. Labia, and C. Neuwirth. 2005. Survey of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in a Slovak hospital: dominance of SHV-2a and characterization of TEM-132. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:3066-3069.
126. Hernández, J. R., L. Martínez-Martínez, R. Cantón, T. M. Coque, and A. Pascual. 2005. Nationwide study of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:2122-2125.
129. Perilli, M., C. Mugnaioli, F. Luzzaro, M. Fiore, S. Stefani, G. M. Rossolini, and G. Amicosante. 2005. Novel TEM-type extended-spectrum ß-lactamase, TEM-134, in a Citrobacter koseri clinical isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1564-1566.
131. Pasquali F, C. Kehrenberg, G. Manfreda, S. Schwarz. Physical linkage of Tn3 and part of Tn1721 in a tetracycline and ampicillin resistance plasmid from Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55:562-565, 2005
132. Bagattini, M., V. Crivaro, A. Di Popolo, F. Gentile, A. Scarcella, M. Triassi, P. Villari, and R. Zarrilli. 2006. Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57:979-982.
133. Chouchani, C., R. Berlemont, A. Masmoudi, M. Galleni, J-M. Frere, O. Belhadj, and K. Ben-Mahrez. 2006. A novel extended-spectrum TEM-type ß-lactamase, TEM-138, from Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 3183-3185.
134. Lefort, A., G. Arlet, O. F. Join-Lambert, M. Lecuit, and O. Lortholary. 2007. Novel extended-spectrum ß-lactamase in Shigella sonnei. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13:653-654.
135. Schneider,I., Markovska,R., Keuleyan,E., Sredkova,M., Rachkova,K.,Mitov,I. and Bauernfeind,A. 2007. Dissemination and persistence of a plasmid-mediated TEM-3-like ß-lactamase, TEM-139, among Enterobacteriaceae in Bulgaria. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29: 710-714.
136. A. Petroni, 2005. Personal communication.
137. Liu, G., B.-D. Ling, Y.-E. Xie, L. Lin, Y. Zeng, X. Zhang, and J. Lei. 2007. Characterization of CTX-M-22 and TEM-141 encoded by a single plasmid from a clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae in China. Japan. J. Infect. Dis. 60: 295-297.
138. Timmerbeil, B. S., Stuerenburg, E., Heisig, P. GenBank DQ388882
139. Siebor,E., De La Tribouille,E. and Neuwirth,C.. GenBank DQ075245
140. Vignoli, R., Cordeiro, N. F., Garcia, V., Mota, M. I., Betancor, L., Power, P., Chabalgoity, J. A., Schelotto, F., Gutkind, G. & Ayala, J. A. 2006. New TEM-derived extended-spectrum ß-lactamase and its genomic context in plasmids from Salmonella enterica serovar derby isolates from Uruguay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 781-784.
141. Mocktar,C., Govinden,U., Sturm,W. and Essack,S. GenBank DQ105528
142. Mocktar,C., Govinden,U., Sturm,W. and Essack,S. GenBank DQ105529
143. Zhao,T.-k., Ling,B.-D., Zhou,Q.-X., Lei,J., Liu,G. and Xie,Y.-E. GenBank DQ279850
144. Caniça, M.M.M. GenBank AM087454
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146. Caniça, M.M. GenBank AM183304.
147. Robin, F., J. Delmas, C. Schweitzer, O. Tournilhac, O. Lesens, C. Chanal, and R. Bonnet. 2007. Evolution of TEM-type enzymes: biochemical and genetic characterization of two new complex mutant TEM enzymes, TEM-151 and TEM-152, from a single patient. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:1304-1309.
148. Machado E, TM Coque, R Cantón, Â Novais, JC Sousa, F Baquero, L Peixe. 2007. High diversity of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases among clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from Portugal. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60:1370–1374
149. Jones, C. H., A. Ruzin, M. Tuckman, M. A. Visalli, P. J. Petersen, and P. A. Bradford. 2009. Pyrosequencing using the single-nucleotide polymorphism protocol for rapid determination of TEM- and SHV-type extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in clinical isolates and identification of the novel ß-lactamase genes blaSHV-48, blaSHV-105, and blaTEM-155. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:977-986.
150. Canica,M. and Manageiro,V. GenBank AM941159
151. Liu,G., Ling,B.-D., Xie,Y.-E., Lei,J., Zeng,Y., Lin,L. and Zhang,X. GenBank DQ909059
152. Robin, F., J. Delmas, A. Brebion, D. Dubois, J.-M. Constantin, and R. Bonnet. 2007. TEM-158 (CMT-9), a new member of the CMT-type extended-spectrum ß-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 4181-4183.
153. Aragón, L. M., B. Mirelis, E. Miró, C. Mata, L. Gómez, A. Rivera, P. Coll, and F. Navarro. 2008. Increase in ß-lactam-resistant Proteus mirabilis strains due to CTX-M- and CMY-type as well as new VEB- and inhibitor-resistant TEM-type ß-lactamases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61:1029-1032.
154. Aragón, L. M., B. Mirelis, E. Miró, C. Mata, L. Gómez, A. Rivera, P. Coll, and F. Navarro. 2008. Increase in ß-lactam-resistant Proteus mirabilis strains due to CTX-M- and CMY-type as well as new VEB- and inhibitor-resistant TEM-type ß-lactamases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61:1029-1032.
155. Bruderer, T., 2008, personal communication.
156. Yavankar, S.P. and Chopade, B.A. GenBank EF468463.
157. Badaracco,A., Ayala,J., Gutkind,G. and Di Conza,J. GenBank EU815939.
158. Ben Achour, N., P. S. Mercuri, M. Ben Moussa, M. Galleni, and O. Belhadj. 2009. Characterization of a novel extended-spectrum TEM-type ß-lactamase, TEM-164, in a clinical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Tunisia. Microb. Drug Resist. 15:195-199.
159. Bruderer, T., 2008, personal communication.
160. Xiong, Z. and Wang H. GenBank FJ197316
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162. Mulvey, M. R., and D. A. Boyd. 2009. TEM-168, a heretofore laboratory-derived TEM ß-lactamase variant found in an Escherichia coli clinical isolate. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:4955-4956.
163. Ranjbar,R., Aleo,A., Giammanco,G.M. and Mammina,C. GenBank FJ873740.
164. Walsh, Fiona, 2009. personal communication.
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166. Ruiz, Joaquim, 2009, Personal communication
167. Adler, A., A. Baraniak, R. Izdebski, J. Fiett, M. Gniadkowski, W. Hryniewicz, A. Salvia, A. Rossini, H. Goossens, S. Malhotra-Kumar, Y. Lerman, M. Elenbogen, Y. Carmeli and the MOSAR WP5 & WP2 study groups. 2012. A binational cohort study of intestinal colonization with ESBL-producing Proteus mirabilis in patients admitted to rehabilitation centers. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18: in press
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169. Amador, P. 2010, Personal communication.
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171. Garcia-Cobos,S., Campos,J., Arroyo,M., Perez-Vazquez,M., Aracil,B., Roman,F., Cercenado,E., Oteo,J. and Cuevas,O. GenBank HQ317449 and J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2013 (in press).
172. Wang,P., Zhu,D.M., Hu,F.P., Ye,X.Y., Wu,S. and Wang,M.G. GenBank HQ529916.
173. Giani,T., D'Andrea,M.M., Leonildi,A., Menichetti,F., Tascini,C. and Rossolini,G.M. GanBank FR848831
174. Oteo,J., Ortega,A., Campos,J. and Bautista,V. GenBank JF795538.
175. Geser, Roger Stephan and Herbert Hächler*Occurrence and characteristics of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals, minced meat and raw milk
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177. Touati A, Gharout A, Kermas R, Mehrane S, Guechi Z, Madoux J, Brasme L, De Champs C., GenBank JN211012
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179. Creely, D., GenBank JN416112.
180. Hilty, M. 2011, personal communication.
181. Lopes, Bruno Silvester, 2011, personal communicaiton.
182. Zizhong Xiong, 2011, personal communication.
183. Dropa,M., Balsalobre,L.C. and Matte,M.H. GenBank HQ877606.
184. Matsumura,Y., Yamamoto,M. and Ichiyama,S. GenBank AB700703.
185. Belén Ruiz del Castillo, 4/2012, personal communication
186. Peixe, L. GenBank JX050178.
187. Fernandes, R., GenBank JX310327
188. Lascols, C. 6/28/12. personal communication.
189. Howie, R. 8/29/12, personal commucation.
190. Lascols, C. 9/25/12, personal communication.
191. Govinden, Usha, 13/12/12, personal communication.
148a. Machado,E., Coque,T.M., Canton,R., Sousa,J.C. and Peixe,L. GenBank KC149518.
192. Roschanski, N. 2/27/13, personal communication.
193. Farrell,S.E., Castanheira,M. and Jones,R.N. GenBank KC818234.
194. McLaughlin,R.E., Whiteaker,J. and Alm,R.A. GenBank KC865667
195. Farrell, S.E. 5/9/13, personal communication.
196. Fanning, S. 5/21/13, personal communication.
197. Hickman, S. 6/4/13, personal communication & GenBank entries as shown.
198. Govinden, U. 9/3/13, personal communication.
199. Yang,L. and Jiang,H., personal communication 11/21/13 and GenBank KF944358.
200. Izdebski,R., Baraniak,A., Fiett,J. and Gniadkowski,M. 1/24/14, GenBank HG934763 & personal communication.
201. Chang Wei, Lei, 4/18/14, personal communication.
202. Sridhar Rao, 6/4/14, GenBank KM114268 and personal communication.
203. Ricardo Gianecini, 10/14/14, personal communication. AAC in press (11/2014)
204. Junjie Li, 10/16/14, personal communication.
205. Belén Ruiz del Castillo, 12/10/14, personal communication
206. Robin, Frederic, 3/27/15, personal communication

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